The Spamhaus Zen lists in Janet
![Download as PDF Download as PDF](https://community-stg.jisc.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/contrib/print/print_pdf/icons/pdf_icon.png)
The Spamhaus Zen lists in Janet
Janet makes available to all organisations with a Janet connection a maintained copy of the Spamhaus lists SBL, XBL and PBL, and the Zen list which is the union of those three. This document is for the information and guidance of those who manage or administer e-mail services within Janet organisations.
If you think Janet is blocking your mail
If you are outside Janet and you believe a Janet organisation is blocking mail from you, please read the short separate note "What to do if your mail is being blocked" before recording a complaint.
In the rest of this document:
- How to use the Janet Spamhaus lists
- Conditions of use
- How DNSBLs work
- Technical arrangements in Janet
- E-mail server products
- Spamhaus
- Further Information
How to use the Janet Spamhaus lists
Modern mail server programs have facilities for polling DNSBLs (DNS deny lists) at various stages in the SMTP protocol, and they will usually 'reject' transfer attempts from listed IP addresses. Most of them include lookups from the standard Spamhaus domains or others in their default configuration.
If your organisation has a Janet connection and wishes to use SBL and the others, you need only to set the zone where the lookups are made to
zen.dnsbl.ja.net
according to the documentation for your own e‑mail server product.
That documentation will provide detailed instructions (which file to edit, or which menu or command to use). Later in this document are some outline examples (see E-mail server products below).
Configuration for use outside Janet uses the zone
zen.spamhaus.org
which may be referred to in the server documentation or included in the standard configuration.
In the Janet zones the first component of the zone is unchanged (sbl, xbl, pbl or zen); note that the deprecated combined zone "sbl-xbl" is not available and should normally be replaced by "zen".
Conditions of use
Eligibility and charges
There is no charge to organisations with a Janet connection for use of the Janet zones in dnsbl.ja.net.
For their own published zones in spamhaus.org, Spamhaus themselves reserve the right to restrict direct access. They may require heavy users to set up a transfer arrangement, for which their distribution contractors make a charge.
Risks
Use of DNSBLs carries some risks and responsibilities. Janet's view is that for most Janet organisations the likely benefit (mainly through the substantial amount of Unsolicited Bulk E-mail rejected) justifies the possible drawbacks, but each organisation must make its own choice.
- If you reject mail transfer attempts, you will delay the delivery of some mail you or your users might have wanted. The amount should be small, but there may be a user support issue.
- Specifically, some of your own users may want to send mail through your servers (and perhaps using your e-mail addresses) from the networks of their consumer ISPs. Such networks may well be included in PBL, which is not in itself a suggestion that they are unsatisfactory. If you wish to support this practice by your users you will need to give certain IP address ranges special treatment.
- Some organisations may express irritation that you are blocking mail from them.
- Application of one or more DNSBLs does not block all unwanted mail. If you notice specific addresses from which you get a lot of unwanted traffic, you should consider adjusting your own firewall or e‑mail server rules.
Protecting Janet resources
You MUST take whatever precautions are necessary to prevent access through your network from outside Janet.
Specifically, the DNS resolvers under your control MUST NOT accept recursive DNS queries from outside your own network for data in the zones within dnsbl.ja.net. Note that it is ordinary good practice to prevent all such recursive lookups from outside.
The Janet operators will record the IP address of each resolver (or perhaps e‑mail server) making lookups from the zone, and will test it from time to time to confirm that it correctly rejects recursive queries.
- If it does indeed reject them, no action will be taken and it will be allowed to continue to lookup data from the zone.
- If it permits access which it should not, the Janet operators will attempt to contact the person responsible for the IP address concerned, and will then help them to correct the faulty configuration. They may suggest workarounds if it proves difficult.
- If for any reason it is not possible to implement a secure arrangement within a reasonable period, the operators will bar access to the zones from the IP address concerned.
- If you believe you may have been barred, contact the Janet Service Desk by telephone or e‑mail (details at URL below).
Some networks may include DNS forwarders for internal use which are not themselves resolvers and are not the DNS clients known to the Janet nameservers. It is the responsibility of the organisation operating such a forwarder to ensure that it is not available for use from outside Janet; again, normal good practice is to make such a forwarder accessible only from within your own network.
How DNSBLs work
DNS deny lists are a well-established technique. To find whether an IP address is listed construct a special domain name from it, use an ordinary lookup for that domain name in the standard Domain Name Service (DNS), and see whether or not the lookup query succeeds.
To look up an IPv4 address a.b.c.d (in the usual 'dotted-quad' notation) in the Janet XBL, for instance, attempt to find an A (Address) record for the domain name
d.c.b.a.xbl.dnsbl.ja.net
which begins with the target address in reverse order.
If the lookup succeeds, a.b.c.d is in the Janet XBL. 127.0.0.2 is a test address included in most DNSBLs:
> nslookup 2.0.0.127.xbl.dnsbl.ja.net
Name: 2.0.0.127.xbl.dnsbl.ja.net
Address: 127.0.0.4
The address returned may give some additional information (see Component Lists below).
If the lookup fails, a.b.c.d is not in the list:
> nslookup 66.157.62.193.xbl.dnsbl.ja.net
Can't find 66.157.62.193.xbl.dnsbl.ja.net: Non-existent domain
Although it is quite possible to carry out manual lookups, it is expected that a mail server will automatically check each IP address from which it receives an attempt to transfer mail, and will respond to the attempt in a manner set by the system administrator and depending on the result of the lookup.
What is available
The Janet Spamhaus lists are in the four zones
sbl.dnsbl.ja.net
xbl.dnsbl.ja.net
pbl.dnsbl.ja.net
zen.dnsbl.ja.net
The nameservers for those zones can be found from the DNS in the usual way; they are reachable from anywhere in Janet but not from outside.
Janet organisations can test whether an individual IP address is in any or all of the Spamhaus lists by lookups in one or more of those zones.
Component lists
The three Spamhaus lists SBL, XBL and PBL differ in their criteria for the inclusion of an IP address. Detailed descriptions are given in the Spamhaus Web pages, but in outline:
- SBL (Spamhaus Block List) lists the IP addresses of direct UBE sources, spam services and spammers themselves.
- XBL (Exploits Block List) lists addresses which are victims of illegal third party exploits, including proxies, worms and trojan exploits.
- PBL (Policy Block List) lists IP address ranges whose owners' policy is that they are not expected to be used directly for outbound e‑mail.
As well as simple success and failure of lookups, indicating only whether or not the address queried is present in the list, the address returned in the case of success gives information on the source of the data:
- SBL
127.0.0.2 Information maintained by Spamhaus - XBL
127.0.0.4 Address detected on CBL
127.0.0.5 Information based on NJABL
(CBL and NJABL are separate DNSBLs with their own criteria) - PBL
127.0.0.10 Information supplied by ISPs on their own address ranges
127.0.0.11 Information maintained by Spamhaus
Zen is the union of the three separate lists, and will succeed for an IP address included in any one or more of the three. It will then return one or more A (Address) records, each with one of the addresses above, indicating which of the component lists the queried address appears in.
Some server products can be configured to make a single query to the Zen list and use the information in these returned addresses so as effectively to treat the individual component lists separately (and perhaps send different responses depending on the source of the data). Such processing can reduce the number of DNS queries. It is otherwise possible to configure the component lists (and the responses to them) separately so that multiple lookups may be needed; or to use the same action and response for the whole of the combined Zen list.
TXT records
The zones also have a TXT (Text) record for each entry, containing material for the message accompanying the SMTP rejection code (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, set out in RFC 2821).
The text says which list the IP address was found in, and is intended to be suitable for an e-mail server to include as diagnostic text with a failure return code. The e-mail server can retrieve the TXT record in a second lookup if desired, although some operators prefer to use a static diagnostic such as
"5.7.1 Delivery not authorized, message refused" (following RFC 3463),
or one using local wording.
Technical arrangements within Janet
Performance
Janet synchronises its replica of the DNSBL zones every 30 minutes and makes them available through several nameservers dedicated to this application. Normal use of the DNS will share load between the nameservers.
For a very short period during the update of each individual server, zone data may not be available from it or may be delayed. The Janet nameservers are managed so that the process is completely transparent to client resolvers and service is delivered without interruption.
Access control
To ensure that Janet resources remain available to Janet organisations, the zones are served by dedicated nameservers, configured to respond only to queries which come from within Janet. Resolvers within Janet that have been seen to be using the lookup service are checked to ensure that they do not forward requests from outside Janet.
Bulk transfers
The Janet service allows unlimited lookups but there is no facility for an organisation to maintain its own copy of the DNSBLs for local querying. It is open to any organisation to make separate arrangements with Spamhaus for a direct feed of their data (for which they would make a charge).
Robustness and availability
With multiple nameservers located at different points in the network and multiple points of access to the Spamhaus data, there is no major risk to the service from equipment or network failures of other than catastrophic scale or duration.
Capacity
Load on the nameservers is continuously monitored. We believe that overload would result in performance degradation rather than a gross loss of service.
E-mail server products
These are skeleton procedures or fragments of configuration and should be read together with the documentation for each product. Each refers to the use of SBL and XBL in separate lookups, for illustration only. Most Janet organisations will be able to use Zen alone.
Exchange 2003
Exchange 2003 supports DNSBLs without additional software, through configuration items which Microsoft call "connection filtering".
To use SBL and XBL you might configure two connection filters with:
Display name 'Janet SBL'
DNS Suffix of Provider 'sbl.dnsbl.ja.net'
Custom Error Message '$0 in sbl.dnsbl.ja.net'
Display name 'Janet XBL'
DNS Suffix of Provider 'xbl.dnsbl.ja.net'
Custom Error Message '$0 in xbl.dnsbl.ja.net'
Alternatively you could pick out the SBL results and the XBL results with a single filter for the combined Zen list:
Display name 'Janet SBL‑XBL'
DNS Suffix of Provider 'zen.dnsbl.ja.net'
Custom Error Message '$0 in sbl.dnsbl.ja.net or xbl.dnsbl.ja.net'
Match Filter Rule to Any of ... '2, 4, 5'
Details are at:
http://support.microsoft.com/kb/823866
Exim
In the ACL section of the configuration file there will normally be a specification for 'acl_check_rcpt', which can include DNSBL tests as follows:
begin acl:
# (possibly other ACLs)
acl_check_rcpt:
# (other rules as documented)
deny message = $sender_host_address in $dnslist_domain\n\
$dnslist_text
dnslists = sbl.dnsbl.ja.net : xbl.dnsbl.ja.net
# (rules for other DNSBLs, may be deny or warn)
accept
# (other ACLs)
Endless variations are possible; for instance, using the single combined list Zen will reduce the number of DNS queries made, but the ACL configuration is more complicated.
A summary is at:
http://www.exim.org/howto/rbl.html
and in the PDF documentation at
http://www.exim.org/exim-pdf-current/doc/spec.pdf
the relevant section is the one on Access control lists.
Postfix
In version 2.x the normal configuration is to include DNSBL tests in the 'smtpd_recipient_restrictions' list of the main configuration file:
default_rbl_reply = $client_address in $rbl_domain
smtpd_recipient_restrictions =
# Following line to enable allow listing of postmaster, etc
check_recipient_access hash:/etc/postfix/recipient_checks,
# (other restrictions as required)
reject_rbl_client sbl.dnsbl.ja.net,
reject_rbl_client xbl.dnsbl.ja.net
# (other restrictions as required)
permit
Postfix documentation is at
http://www.postfix.org/
qmail
There is no DNSBL facility within qmail itself, but the associated programs tcpserver and rblsmtpd can manage connections to qmail. The core of the configuration is
rblsmtpd -r sbl.dnsbl.ja.net -r xbl.dnsbl.ja.net qmail-smtpd
Additional options are available, and scripts to start the various elements in sequence. Note that rblsmtpd looks up TXT records in the Zen lists as the basis for its decisions, not A records.
qmail documentation is available at
http://qmail.virginmedia.com/top.html
For a more tutorial approach, see
http://www.thedjbway.org/djbrbl/rblsmtpd.html
sendmail
DNSBL lookups are one of many 'FEATUREs', which are commonly grouped together in the configuration file.
FEATURE(`dnsbl', `sbl.dnsbl.ja.net',
`$&{client_addr} " in sbl.dnsbl.ja.net"')
FEATURE(`dnsbl', `xbl.dnsbl.ja.net',
`$&{client_addr} " in xbl.dnsbl.ja.net"')
Documentation is at
http://www.sendmail.org/doc/
Appliances
A great variety of 'e-mail security appliances' are available, some of which can use the Janet DNSBLs; others have proprietary or private lists. There are too many such devices to maintain a satisfactory list.
Other software tools
SpamAssassin users with the URIDNSBL plugin will probably wish to modify their configuration to check URIs against the Janet SBL zone, overriding the defaults:
# Use SBL from Janet zone:
uridnsbl URIBL_SBL sbl.dnsbl.ja.net. TXT
MailScanner users may find it convenient to place the above line in
spam.assassin.prefs.conf
which should be linked from the name mailscanner.cf in the site_rules directory.
Spamhaus
The Spamhaus project is the global leader in intelligence and business pressure on those whose businesses are based on e‑mail abuse. Resources for the operation come from the individuals involved and from businesses in the Internet industry who contribute hardware, infrastructure and the time of some of their staff. The project operates on a not‑for‑profit basis and the charge for delivery of DNSBL data merely covers the costs of the delivery operation.
The Spamhaus Web site, and specifically the Register Of Known Spam Operations (ROKSO) within that site, identifies businesses and individuals involved in bad bulk e‑mail practice and documents their behaviours and relationships. The DNSBLs are a means by which e‑mail providers can use that and related knowledge to make it more difficult for abusing businesses to continue their practices; they are widely used and express consensus among providers. Janet is not an e‑mail provider (except in a few special cases) but most organisations with a Janet connection are.
Janet endorses the use of the Spamhaus DNSBLs for use by any organisation with a Janet connection which considers that the criteria for the lists and the likely impact on senders and local users are appropriate. It is an opportunity for Janet organisations to manage the UBE they receive and at the same time to gradually make UBE less acceptable in the worldwide Internet.
Other organisations operate or have operated DNSBLs with different criteria; although valuable in some circumstances, few have achieved the same level of acceptance as the Spamhaus lists, or before them the MAPS lists which Janet also endorses.
Further information
Spamhaus Web pages:
Janet pages:
- Janet Service Desk (for any questions)
- For people outside Janet "What to do if your mail is being blocked"
E mail server products:
- Exchange
http://support.microsoft.com/kb/823866 - Exim
http://www.exim.org/exim-pdf-current/doc/spec.pdf
http://www.exim.org/howto/rbl.html - Postfix
http://www.postfix.org/ - qmail documentation (in UK)
http://qmail.virginmedia.com/top.html - Sendmail documentation
http://www.sendmail.org/doc/ - SpamAssassin
http://spamassassin.apache.org/ - MailScanner
http://www.mailscanner.org.uk/
Others:
- RFC 2821 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, the standard for Internet e‑mail exchange
http://ietf.org/rfc/rfc2821.txt - RFC 3463 Enhanced Mail System Status Codes, which may be returned in response to attempted e-mail actions
http://ietf.org/rfc/rfc3463.txt - RFC 1034, RFC 1035 and many later RFCs specify how the Domain Name System (DNS) operates
http://ietf.org/rfc/rfc1034.txt
http://ietf.org/rfc/rfc1035.txt - BIND, a widely deployed nameserver product
http://www.isc.org/sw/bind/